Defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement on social support and bystander behaviors among primary school students: a multilevel moderated mediation model

Abstract This study examines the influence of social support on bystander behaviors, the mediating and moderating effects of moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy at the individual and class levels, and their cross-level interaction. A total of 1310 children in grades 4-6 completed our questionnaire survey at four-time points between October and December in 2021. The questionnaires include the Scale of Perceived Social Support (T1), Moral Disengagement Scale (T2), Defender Self-Efficacy Scale (T3), and Bullying Participant Behaviors Questionnaire (T4). The multilevel moderated mediating model results show that (1) social support negatively predicts reinforcer and outsider behavior and positively predicts defender behavior; (2) defender self-efficacy plays a mediating role between social support and defender behavior, moral disengagement plays a mediating role between social support and bystander behaviors, and defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement play a chain mediation role between social support and bystander behavior; (3a) class-level defender self-efficacy has a direct impact on defender behavior and moderates the relationship between individual defender self-efficacy and reinforcer behavior; and (3b) class-level moral disengagement has a direct impact on defender and outsider behavior and a cross-level moderated role between individual moral disengagement and reinforcer behavior. These results show that the individual and class level defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement can influence the bystander behavior of primary school students, which is of great significance for schools to develop anti-bullying moral education courses and design measures to improve students' anti-bullying self-efficacy.

El efecto de la desvinculación moral sobre el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos disruptivos en niños(as) y adolescentes. Una revisión de la literature / The Effect of moral disengagement on bullying, cyberbullying, and other disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents. A review of the literatura

Resumen Introducción: Un creciente número de estudios han demostrado vínculos consistentes entre la teoría de la desvinculación moral de Bandura y los comportamientos disruptivos e inhumanos. Recientemente se han explorado las relaciones directas e indirectas de la desvinculación moral con el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos agresivos en niños(as) y adolescentes, lo cual amerita una revisión de los principales hallazgos. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura y evidencia empírica sobre el efecto de la desvinculación moral en la participación de niños(as) y adolescentes en el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos agresivos. Método: Se trató de un estudio de revisión documental. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en la Web of Science. Se incluyeron 45 estudios empíricos para el análisis. Resultados: Se encontró que la desvinculación moral y sus diferentes estrategias sociocognitivas tienen efectos directos e indirectos que predicen la participación de niños(as) y adolescente en el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso, comportamientos agresivos y antisociales. Adicionalmente, la empatía, las relaciones de amistad, la crianza, las tendencias prosociales, la ira y los rasgos insensibles-no emocionales son factores que, en conjunto, contribuyen al desarrollo, mantenimiento o disminución de conductas de acoso y ciberacoso. También se reportó que los hombres presentan una mayor tendencia que las mujeres al acoso escolar, el ciberacoso, la agresión y uso de la desvinculación moral. Conclusiones: Se señala la importancia de los procesos de cognición moral para el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención psicoeducativa y psicosocial destinadas a prevenir y reducir el acoso y ciberacoso en niños(as) y adolescentes.

Abstract Introduction: A growing number of studies have demonstrated consistent links between Bandura's moral disengagement theory and disruptive and inhumane behaviors. The direct and indirect relation- ships of moral disengagement with bullying, cyberbullying, and other aggressive behaviors in children and adolescents have recently been explored, ensuring a review of key findings. Objective: To review the literature and empirical evidence on the effect of moral disengagement on children's and adolescents' engagement in bullying, cyberbullying, and other aggressive behaviors. Method: This was a documentary review study. The literature search was carried out in the Web of Science. Forty-five empirical studies were included for analysis. Results: Were found that moral disengagement and its different socio-cognitive strategies have direct and indirect effects that predict child and adolescent involvement in bullying, cyberbullying, aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Additionally, empathy, friendship relationships, parenting, prosocial tendencies, anger and callous-unemotional traits are factors that together contribute to the development, maintenance or decrease of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors. It was also reported that males present a greater tendency than females to bullying, cyberbullying, aggression, and use of moral disengagement. Conclusions: The importance of moral cognition processes for the development of psychoeducational and psychosocial intervention strategies aimed at preventing and reducing bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents is pointed out.

Sexismo y tríada oscura de la personalidad en adolescentes: el rol mediador de la desconexión moral / Sexism and dark triad of personality on adolescents: the mediator role of moral disengagement

Resumen Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud indica que es necesario eliminar los valores, las actitudes y los estereotipos basados en el género que afectan la salud y el bienestar de las niñas y mujeres en el mundo. Desde la psicología de la personalidad, algunos trabajos científicos han demostrado que rasgos como la triada oscura de la personalidad (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcisismo) y la desconexión moral aumentan la susceptibilidad al sesgo de género, la amenaza y la agresión interpersonal. Como contribución al diseño de un perfil personológico propenso a aceptar y justificar las actitudes sexistas, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar el rol mediador de la desconexión moral entre la triada oscura de la personalidad y el sexismo ambivalente en adolescentes. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 803 adolescentes (M = 15.33, DT = 0.99; 50.3% chicos) tras utilizar un muestreo por conveniencia para realizar un análisis de la varianza y la comparación de varios modelos mediacionales a partir de la técnica de bootstrapping. Resultados: Los rasgos de la triada oscura de la personalidad se relacionan directa y significativamente con el sexismo hostil y benevolente de los/as adolescentes, y la desconexión moral tiene un efecto mediador importante en esta relación. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se discute cómo trabajar la desconexión moral para la transformación de estas creencias y actitudes de género que perpetúan la discriminación hacia las adolescentes en programas de prevención.

Abstract Introduction: The World Health Organization indicates that gender-based values, attitudes and stereotypes that affect the health and well-being of girls and women around the world need to be eliminated. From personality psychology, scientific studies have shown that traits such as the dark personality triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and moral disengagement increase susceptibility to gender bias, threat, and interpersonal aggression. As a contribution to the design of a personological profile prone to accept and justify sexist attitudes, the main aim of this paper was to study the mediating role of moral disengagement between the dark personality triad and ambivalent sexism in a sample of adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of 803 adolescents (M = 15.33, SD = 0.99; 50.3% boys) using convenience sampling to assess ambivalent sexism, dark personality triad and moral disengagement. An analysis of variance and comparison of various mediational models was carried out using the bootstrapping technique. Results: The dark personality triad traits are directly and significantly related to adolescents' hostile and benevolent sexism, and that moral disengagement has a relevant mediating effect on this relationship. Conclusions: Finally, the implications of these findings for the transformation of these gendered beliefs and attitudes that perpetuate discrimination against girls and women are discussed in relation with prevention programs.

Development of a rating scale for measuring resistance to persuasive health messages

BACKGROUND@#Pretesting is the key to understanding how the intended audience will react to the message. Resistant reactions affect message processing or can lead to undesirable boomerang effects. The objective of this study was to develop a rating scale for measuring active (reactance) and passive (disengagement) resistance to persuasive health messages.@*METHODS@#Six candidate items (3 items for disengagement and 3 items for reactance) were generated based on literature review. A web-based survey was conducted among Japanese adults aged 25-64 years to verify the reliability and validity of the 6-item resistance scale. Participants were asked to rate one of the advance care planning (ACP) promotion messages. All scale items were scored on a 1-to-5 point Likert scale and they were averaged to produce the resistance score.@*RESULTS@#Explanatory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution that agreed with the disengagement and reactance domains, respectively. Correlation coefficients between each set of items ranged between 0.30-0.69. Cronbach alpha (0.86) indicated satisfactory internal consistency of the set of items. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the two-factor model with CFI = 0.998, SRMR = 0.011, and RMSEA = 0.041. The resistance score showed a moderate positive correlation with negative emotional responses (displeasure γ = 0.55, anger γ = 0.53) and was significantly inversely related to the persuasiveness score (γ = -0.50). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio for ACP intention per 1-point increase in the resistance score was 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.40-0.56) with adjustment for the persuasiveness score.@*CONCLUSION@#The 6-item resistance scale exhibited adequate reliability and validity for measuring audience resistance when applied to the ACP promotion messages in Japanese people. The scale will be useful for pretesting health messages to make them more acceptable to the intended audience.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Not applicable; this is not a report of intervention trial.

Influence of domestic violence on drinking and aggressive behaviors among adolescents： an analysis of chain mediating effect / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of domestic violence on drinking and aggressive behaviors of adolescent， and to analyze the mediating role of psychological needs and moral disengagement. MethodsA cluster stratified random sampling method was adopted to select 1 280 students from 2 junior high schools and 2 high schools in Dazhou City， and all the enrolled students were assessed using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form （CTQ-SF）， Basic Psychological Needs Scale （BPNS）， Moral Disengagement Scale （MDS） and Adolescent Health related Risky Behavior Inventory （AHRBI）. Then the relationship of domestic violence with drinking and aggressive behaviors， along with the mediating roles of psychological needs and moral disengagement were discussed through the chain mediating effect analysis. ResultsCTQ-SF score was negatively correlated with BPNS score （r=-0.160， P=0.012）， and positively correlated with MDS and AHRBI scores （r=0.330， 0.250， P<0.01）. BPNS score was negatively correlated with MDS and AHRBI scores （r=-0.220， -0.270， P<0.01）. MDS score was positively correlated with AHRBI score （r=0.420， P<0.01）. The direct mediation value of domestic violence to drinking and aggressive behaviors was 0.041 （P>0.05）， the mediation effect values of domestic violence to psychological needs， domestic violence to moral disengagement， psychological needs to moral disengagement， psychological needs to drinking and aggressive behaviors， and moral disengagement to drinking and aggression behaviors were -0.468， 0.536， -0.241， -0.412 and 0.094， respectively （P<0.05）. The total mediation effect value of domestic violence to psychological needs to moral disengagement to drinking and aggressive behaviors was 0.295 （P<0.05）. ConclusionPsychological needs and moral disengagement mediate the influence of domestic violence on adolescent drinking and aggressive behaviors.

Desentendimiento Moral y Atribución de Culpa: Encuentros y Desencuentros en el Estudio de la Cognición Moral / Moral Disengagement and Attribution of Blame: Convergences and Divergences in the Study of Moral Cognition / Desentendimento Moral e Atribuição de Culpa: Encontros e Desencontros no Estudo da Cognição Moral

Resumen El estudio de la cognición moral pareciera estar marcado por dos tradiciones: una centrada en el estudio del procesamiento de información referente a la causalidad y la intencionalidad, y otra que, con origen en posturas sociocognitivas, privilegia la agencia moral y regulación conductual más allá del procesamiento. Así, pareciera existir una brecha entre el estudio del razonamiento y el estudio de la conducta cuando se habla de moral. La presente propuesta muestra una interacción entre un modelo de culpa (path model), centrado en el procesamiento de información, y el desentendimiento moral (DM) como un conjunto de justificaciones de la conducta inmoral. Si bien la integración no es completa, aporta a una visión de la cognición moral centrada en la regulación social y en las interacciones entre juicios y respuestas evidentes en las interacciones sociales. Adicionalmente, como producto de la interacción se presenta una propuesta metodológica para indagar por el origen del DM en el desarrollo.

Abstract The study of moral cognition is marked by two traditions: one centered on the study of how information regarding causality and intentionality is processed, and the other, derived from socio-cognitive potions, privileging moral agency and behavior regulation beyond processing. Thus, there seems to be a gap between the study of reasoning and the study of conduct, when speaking of morals. The article proposes an interaction between a path model of blame, centered on the processing of information, and moral disengagement (MD) as a set of justifications of immoral conduct. While the integration is not complete, it does contribute a view of moral cognition focused on social regulation and the interactions between the judgments and responses evident in social interactions. Additionally, as a product of that interaction, the study provides a methodological proposal to inquire into the origin of md in development.

Resumo O estudo da cognição moral parece estar marcado por duas tradições: uma focada no estudo do processamento de informação referente à causalidade e à intencionalidade, e outra que, com origem em posicionamentos sociocognitivos, privilegia a agência moral e a normatização do comportamento mais além do processamento. Assim, é provável que exista uma brecha entre o estudo do raciocínio e o estudo do comportamento quando se fala de moral. Esta proposta mostra uma interação entre um modelo de culpa (path model), centralizado no processamento de informação, e o desentendimento moral (DM) como um conjunto de justificativas do comportamento imoral. Embora a integração não seja completa, contribui para uma visão da cognição moral enfocada na regulamentação social e nas interações entre julgamentos e respostas evidentes nas interações sociais. Além disso, como produto da interação, apresenta-se uma proposta metodológica para indagar a respeito da origem do DM no desenvolvimento.

Desconexión moral y delincuencia juvenil severa: metaanálisis de su asociación / Moral disengagement and serious juvenile crime: a meta-analysis about its relationship

Resumen Numerosas investigaciones se han centrado en analizar los vínculos entre la desconexión moral y las conductas antisociales o delictivas en población juvenil, con variados resultados. Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal estimar la magnitud y dirección de la relación entre la desconexión moral y la delincuencia juvenil, así como analizar la influencia de una serie de variables moderadoras, para lo cual se empleó la técnica del metaanálisis. Se aplicó un modelo de efectos aleatorios para obtener el tamaño del efecto promedio y para explorar moderadores. Se obtuvo un total de 20 estudios primarios, con una muestra acumulada de 10061 individuos, y un tamaño de efecto resultante de r = .35 (p < .001). Se estableció un modelo predictivo con una única variable moderadora: el tipo de delito, mostrando que la importancia de la desconexión moral aumenta notablemente cuando se incrementa la gravedad del delito (r = .45, p < .001). Se concluye que la tendencia a la desconexión moral puede considerarse como un factor de riesgo relevante para la delincuencia juvenil y más relevante todavía en relación con delitos graves. Este resultado contribuye a consolidar a las dimensiones morales como un factor clave a considerar en el diseño de futuras investigaciones, así como en las estrategias de prevención e intervención de diferentes tipologías delictivas.

Abstract Several researches have focused on analyzing the links between moral disengagement and illegal behaviours in young population showing different results. The main aim of this review was to estimate the relationship between moral disengagement and juvenile delinquency, as well as to analyze the influence of certain moderating variables. A random effects model was used in the meta-analytic review in order to settle the average effect magnitude and obtain the moderating effects of demographic and methodological variables. A total of 20 independent studies were obtained involving 10061 youths. Moral disengagement has been found to be associated with juvenile delinquency (r = .35, p < .001). Concurrently, the effect magnitude increases as it does the seriousness of the crime (r = .45, p < .001) which settles the type of crime as a significant moderator. In conclusion, moral disengagement and severe juvenile crime share a powerful relationship, which stablishes the moral disengagement as a relevant risk factor for the juvenile delinquency. This result suggests that the moral dimension is a key factor to take into account in the design of future research, as well as accomplishing prevention and intervention strategies for different types of crime.

Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir desconexión moral en niños mexicanos / Psychometric Properties of a Scale Measuring Moral Disengagement in Mexican Children / Propriedades psicométricas de uma escala para medir desconexão moral em crianças mexicanas

Resumen La desconexión moral tiene como consecuencia efectos negativos para el desarrollo psicosocial en la niñez, por lo cual se hace necesario contar con escalas para evaluarla. En el presente estudio se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Desconexión Moral en Situaciones de Acoso en niños (DMAE). Participaron 661 estudiantes mexicanos de 5.º (51 %) y 6.º grado (49 %), 48 % niñas (M edad = 10.51, DE = .64 años) y 52 % niños (M edad = 10.59, DE = .68 años). Se analizó la validez (estructura interna y concurrente), invarianza de medida para ambos sexos y fiabilidad de la escala. De los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio se infirió que el modelo de medición multidimensional que mide la justificación moral, la difusión de la responsabilidad y la atribución de la culpa presenta mejor ajuste a los datos que el unidimensional. Además, se encontró que la DMAE presenta invariancia de medición en ambos sexos y evidencias de validez concurrente. Se concluye que la escala cuenta con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la medición de la desconexión moral en niños mexicanos.

Resumo A desconexão moral tem como consequência efeitos negativos para o desenvolvimento psicossocial na infância, o que torna necessário contar com escalas para avaliá-la. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas da escala Desconexão Moral em Situações de Assédio em Crianças. Participaram 661 estudantes mexicanos do 5º (51 %) e 6º anos (49 %), 48 % meninas (M idade = 10.51, DP = .64 anos) e 52 % meninos (M idade = 10.59, DP = .68 anos). Foi analisada a validade (estrutura interna e concorrente), invariância de medida para ambos os sexos e confiabilidade da escala. Dos resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória, foi inferido que o modelo de medição multidimensional que mede a justificativa moral, a difusão da responsabilidade e a atribuição da culpa apresenta melhor ajuste aos dados do que o unidimensional. Além disso, foi constatado que a escala apresenta invariância de medida em ambos os sexos e evidências de validade concorrente. Concluise que a escala possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a medição da desconexão moral em crianças mexicanas.

Abstract The moral disengagement has negative effects for psychosocial development in childhood, which makes it necessary to have scales to evaluate it. The present study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Moral Disengagement in Children Situations of Bullying (DMAE, its initials in Spanish) scale. 661 Mexican students participated from 5th grade (51%) and 6th grade (49%), 48% girls (M age = 10.51, SD = .64 years) and 52% boys (M age = 10.59, SD = .68 years). The validity (internal and concurrent), measurement invariance for both sexes and reliability of the scale were analyzed. From the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was inferred that the multidimensional measurement model that measures moral justification, diffusion of responsibility and attribution of blame presents a better fit to the data than the one-dimensional one. It was also found that the DMAE presents measurement invariance in both sexes and evidence of concurrent validity. It was concluded that the scale has adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of moral disengagement in Mexican children

Analysis on components of attentional bias on anger and disgust emotional faces in college students with social anxiety disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To analyze the components of attentional bias on anger and disgust emotional faces in college students with social anxiety disorder.Methods DSM-V was used for clinical diagnosis after the initial screening with Interaction Anxiousness Scale.The subjects meet the inclusion criteria were divided into social anxiety disorder group (SAD group) and healthy control group (HC group).Koster's improved dot-probe paradigm was used in a 2 (group:SAD group,HC group) ×2 (emotion categories:anger,disgust)mixed-design experiment,and the different characteristics of attentional bias between the two groups on different emotional faces were compared.Results In SAD group,under the condition of angry faces,the response times to the probe targets with the same or different positions from the negative faces were (369.7±53.0)ms and (447.2±54.3) ms,while the response times were (429.6±70.2) ms and (444.2±55.8) ms under the condition of disgust faces,and the SAD group showed attentional bias towards both anger and disgust faces (t =24.15 and 2.45,P＜0.05).Under the condition of anger faces,the response time of HC group to the consistent and inconsistent position of probe target were (466.9±40.0) ms and (483.8±43.8) ms,and the HC group had an attentional bias towards anger faces(t=6.58,P＜0.05).The response time under disgust faces was (493.8±43.6)ms and (498.0±46.7)ms in HC group,and did not show an attentional bias towards disgust(t=1.65,P=0.108).The scores of attentional orientation to anger faces in SAD group were significantly higher than those in the HC group(F=19.26,P＜0.001),but there was no significant difference between the two groups towards disgust faces (F=0.02,P=0.897).Compared with disgust faces,the attentional orientation to anger faces was faster in both HC and SAD groups (F=101.66 and 8.00,P＜0.05).Compared with the HC group,the SAD group had an impaired attentional disengagement from anger faces(F=8.66,P=0.004).Conclusion The students with social anxiety disorder have attentional bias towards both anger and disgust facial expressions,which manifested as facilitated attentional orientation and impaired attentional disengagement to anger faces.

Moral Disengagement Mechanisms and Armed Violence. A Comparative Study of Paramilitaries and Guerrillas in Colombia / Los Mecanismos de Desconexión Moral y la Violencia Armada. Un Estudio Comparativo de Paramilitares y Guerrilleros en Colombia / Mecanismos de Desengajamento Moral e a Violência Armada. Um Estudo Comparativo dos Paramilitares e da Guerrilha na Colômbia

Abstract Moral disengagement mechanisms are strategies to make immoral actions appear moral. This study explores their usage by two Colombian illegal armed groups (guerrillas and paramilitaries), as well as differences between the groups. The analysis covered 367 communiqués issued in 55 months. A deductive content analysis revealed that the most used mechanisms were: attribution of blame, euphemistic labeling, moral justification and labeling with undesirable names. Results showed differences between groups only in the number of press releases, but not in frequency or type of the mechanisms used. The findings are analyzed in the discussion section in relation to the theory of dissonance, extreme violence and motives for joining illegal armed groups.

Resumen Los mecanismos de desconexión moral son estrategias mediante las cuales las acciones inmorales parecen morales. El estudio examina la utilización de dichas estrategias por parte de dos grupos armados ilegales en Colombia (guerrillas y paramilitares), así como las diferencias entre los dos grupos, para lo cual se analizaron 367 comunicados emitidos a lo largo de 55 meses. El análisis deductivo del contenido reveló que los mecanismos más utilizados eran la atribución de culpabilidad, los eufemismos, la justificación moral y la calificación con nombres indeseables. Según los resultados, solo hubo diferencias entre los grupos en cuanto al número de comunicados de prensa, mas no en cuanto a la frecuencia o al tipo de mecanismos utilizados. Los hallazgos del estudio se analizan en la sección de discusión según la teoría de la disonancia, la violencia extrema y las razones para enrolarse en grupos armados ilegales.

Resumo Os mecanismos de desengajamento moral são estratégias para fazer ações imorais aparentarem ser morais. Este estudo explora seu uso por dois grupos armados ilegais da Colômbia (guerrilhas e paramilitares), assim como as diferenças entre eles. Analisaram-se 367 comunicados emitidos em 55 meses. Uma análise dedutiva do conteúdo revelou que os mecanismos mais usados eram: atribuição de culpa, linguagem eufemística, justificativa moral e rotulação com nomes indesejáveis. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre os grupos só no número de comunicados à imprensa, mas não na frequência ou tipo de mecanismos usados. Os resultados são analisados na seção de discussão no que se refere à teoria da dissonância, à violência extrema e aos motivos para se unir a grupos armados ilegais.

Mediating effects of moral disengagement and self-esteem on relationship between friendship jealousy and aggression in middle school students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the meditation effect of moral disengagement and self-esteem between friendship jealousy and aggression.Methods:A total of 387 middle school students were selected.Their degrees of friendship jealousy,moral disengagement,self-esteem and aggression were assessed with the Friendship Jealousy Questionnaire (FJQ),Moral Disengagement Scale (MDS),Self-esteem Scale (SES),and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ),respectively.The relationship among these factors was analyzed by structural equation modeling.Results:Both FJQ and MDS scores were positively correlated with AQ scores(r =0.48-0.56,Ps ＜0.001),and negatively correlated with SES scores(r =-0.47--0.23,Ps ＜ 0.001).Structural equation modeling results showed that FJQ score had indirect effects on AQ score through the mediation of MDS and SES in middle school students.The mediating effects accounted for 46.0％ and 18.0％ respectively.Conclusion:It suggests that moral disengagement and self-esteem may play mediating effects on relationship between friendship jealousy and aggression in middle school students.

The Relationship between the Sport Moral Disengagement and the Pro-social and Anti-social Behavior in Competition of Group Events: The Meditation of Moral Identity / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To verify the mediating effect of the moral identity on the relationship between sport moral disengagement and pro-social and anti-social behaviors in competition.Methods Two hundreds and sixty-seven athletes of group events(including 173 males,94 females,with an average age of 22.40,SD=2.75)were selected and investigated using the sport moral disengagement scale,moral identity scale and the scale of pro-social and anti-social behavior in competition.Results (1) The sport moral disengagement had significant influence on the athletes'pro-social and anti-social behaviors in competition.(2)The moral identity has significant positive influence on the athletes' pro-social behavior in competition,but significant negative influence on the athletes' anti-social behavior in competition.(3)The moral identity has significant mediating effect on the relationship between sport moral disengagement and pro-social behavior in competition.Conclusion The moral disengagement in sport has important influence on the athletes' pro-social and anti-social behavior in competition.The moral identity has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between sport moral disengagement and pro-social behaviors in competition.

Legitimación de la violencia en la infancia: un abordaje desde el enfoque ecológico de Bronfenbrenner / Legitimation of the violence in childhood: an approach based on the ecological perspective of Bronfenbrenner

Este trabajo analiza desde el enfoque ecológico del desarrollo humano los diversos contextos en los cuales se presenta la violencia y cómo en ellos se llevan a cabo procesos de legitimación que la perpetúan a lo largo del tiempo, lo cual afecta especialmente a la niñez y las nuevas generaciones. En primer lugar, se dilucida las diferencias entre agresión y violencia, para posteriormente definir el proceso de legitimación desde el contexto histórico, la comunidad, la familia y los medios de comunicación, hasta llegar a la forma como las creencias legitimadoras se facilitan en la cognición infantil. Se analizan las bases psicológicas de la legitimación y los mecanismos mediante los cuales opera, comprendidos a través del concepto de desconexión moral, introducido por Bandura.

This paper analyzes from the ecology of human development, the con-texts in which violence occurs and how the processes of legitimation perpetuate violence over time especially affecting children and future generations. First, it elucidates the differences between aggression and violence, later to define the process of legitimation from the historical context, the community, family and mass media. Finally it is explained how legitimating beliefs are given in infant cognition. It discusses the psychological bases of legitimation and the mechanisms through which it operates, including the concept of moral disengagement introduced by Bandura.

Uma medida de justificativas de motoristas para infrações de trânsito / A Measure of Driver’s Justifications to Traffic Violations / Una Medida de las Justificaciones de los Conductores a Violaciónes de Tráfico

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de uma medida de justificativas de motoristas para o cometimento de infrações de trânsito. O instrumento foi baseado no modelo do desengajamento moral, que descreve processos de autoinfluência que neutralizam os próprios padrões morais para justificar atos transgressivos por meio de quatro esquemas em oito mecanismos. No Estudo 1 a Escala de Justificativas de Motoristas (EJM) foi aplicada em 100 motoristas, verificando-se correlações positivas de seus escores com o cometimento de infrações. No Estudo 2 os itens passaram por uma validação de juízes, foram aprimorados e aplicados em 547 motoristas. Identificou-se uma estrutura de fatores que reflete parcialmente o modelo: Reconstrução da Conduta, Minimização da Culpa e Distorção do Agente da Ação. Os resultados dos dois estudos sugerem que a EJM apresenta validade semântica, de conteúdo e construto e boa consistência interna, podendo ser utilizada para investigar fenômenos de transgressão notrânsito...

This paper describes the development and validation process of a measure of drivers’ justifications for traffic violations. The instrument was based on the moral disengagement model for transgressive actions, which describes processes of self-influence by neutralizing one’s moral standards through four sets in eight mechanisms. In Study 1, 100 drivers responded the Driver’s Justifications Scale (EJM) and results showed a positive correlation with a measure of traffic violations. In Study 2, the items were improved, evaluated by experts and the scale was completed by 547 drivers. The obtained factors partially reflect the original model: Reconstructing the Conduct; Minimizing Guilt; and Distorting Conduct’s Agent. Results of both studies suggest EJM has semantic, content, and construct validity, good internal reliability and can be used in studies of traffic violations...

Este trabajo describe el proceso de desarrollo y validez de una medida de las justificativas de conductores a violaciones de tráfico. El instrumento tiene como base el modelo de desenganche moral, que describe procesos de auto influencia en el cual se pueden neutralizar los patrones morales para justificar actos transgresivos por intermedio de cuatro esquemas con ocho mecanismos. En el Estudio 1, 100 conductores contestaron a la Escala de Justificaciones de Conductores (EJM) y los resultados mostraron correlación positiva con una medida de violaciones de tráfico. En el Estudio 2 se mejoraron los ítems, evaluados por expertos, y la escala fue respondida por 547 conductores. Los factores obtenidos reflejan parcialmente el modelo original: Reconstrucción de la Conducta; Minimización de la Culpa y la Distorsión del Agente de la Conducta. Los resultados de ambos estúdios sugieren que la EJM tiene validez semántica, de contenido y de constructo, buena consistencia interna y puede ser utilizada en estudios de violaciones detráfico...

Tonturas e quedas em idosos: um olhar a partir da teoria do desengajamento / Dizziness and falls in the elderly: a look from the theory of disengagement

Com o avanço da idade, é admissível que ocorra o aparecimento dedoenças, de limitações físicas, sociais e emocionais. A tontura e as complicações impostas por esse sintoma, como as quedas, interferemdiretamente na qualidade de vida de indivíduos idosos, podendolimitar e comprometer a autonomia, a independência e a funcionalidadedessas pessoas. O envelhecimento associado à incapacidade,às limitações e às doenças, pode ser o principal determinantepara o rompimento do vínculo com o trabalho, com a família e comos amigos, significando uma vivência negativa, pois pode desengajaro indivíduo e contribuir para a exclusão social. O desengajamento éum processo durante o qual muitas das relações entre uma pessoae os outros membros da sociedade são rompidas e aquelas quepermanecem, são modificadas qualitativamente. Em razão disso, oobjetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre os eventos de tonturas e dequedas em idosos como um acontecimento que determina mudançanas relações, reduções nas interações e na perda de papéis,tendo como referência a teoria sociológica do desengajamento.

With the advance of age, it is admissible that occurs the emergenceof diseases and physical, social and emotional limitations. Dizzinessand complications imposed by this symptom, such as falls, directlyinterferes on the quality of life of elderly individuals, and also can limitand compromise the autonomy, independence and functionality ofthe elderly. The aging associated with disability, limitations and diseases,can be a major determinant for breaking the link with work,with family and friends, meaning a negative experience, becauseit can disengage the individual and contribute to social exclusion.Disengagement is an unavoidable process during which many of therelationships between a person and other members of society arebroken, and those that remain are modified qualitatively. As a result,the objective of this study is to reflect about the events of dizzinessand falls in the elderly as an event that determines a change in relationships,reductions in interections and in the loss of functions, withreference to the sociological theory of disengagement.

Cognitive and Physical Function by the Social Disengagement in Institution and Community Living Elderly / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the level of cognitive and physical function by the level of social disengagement in institutions and community dwelling elderly. METHOD: The study subjects were 209 people whose age ranged from 65 to 94. The data were surveyed with social disengagement index, MMSE-K, and ADL, and analysed by SPSS 11.0 using frequency, t-test, ANCOVA and ANOVA. RESULTS: 1) The level of social disengagement was 1.67 in institution and 3.25 in community elderly, and showed statistically significant difference (F=41.07, p<.001). 2) There were statistically significant difference in MMSE-K (F=15.51, p<.000), and activity of daily living (F=9.65, p=.002) between two residence after control the age, gender, religion, allowance and number of children. 3) There were statistically significant difference in MMSE-K (F=6.55, p=.002) by social disengagement in community dwelling elderly. CONCLUSIONS: Programs for successful aging to reduce social disengagement should be developed that stimulate social activities and then improve cognitive function for the elderly. For these, establishing social policies in nation and local government is needed. Especially, these policies should be conducted among the elderly with low-income living in institutions.

Disengagement of the Lag Screw from Side plate in a Subtrochanteric Fracture of the Femur treated with Compression Hip Screw: A Case Report

Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur can be treated by sliding hip screw devices. We encountered a subtrochanteric fracture in a 43 years old male. Open reduction and fixation with a sliding hip screw and plate were performed. One week later, the sliding screw disengaged from the side plate. In the operating room, the side plate was changed to the long barrel type and a compression screw was inserted. At two year follow-up, the fracture was united with good function.